Shen Yin Qing-Yuan Sun Jun-Yu Ma
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The expression regulation of interspersed repeats and imprinting genes is mainly controlled by DNA methylation in mammalian germ line cells. It is important for the gametogenesis and embryonic development. During the mammalian trans-generational cycle of germ line cells, the genome global DNA methylation is erased in primordial germ cells and reestablished during the gametogenesis. After the fertilization, DNA is demethylated (except for imprinted genomic regions) in cleavage stage of embryos, while remethylated in blastomere differentiation. During the sophisticated biological process, the DNA methylation erasure and reestablishment of interspersed repeats and imprinted genes are not only controlled by endogenous factors but also affected by diseases or environmental stresses. DNA methylation mutations in parents’ germ line cells even can be inherited by offsprings. Up to date, it is still not clear about detailed mechanisms which control the DNA methylation of interspersed repeats and imprinted genes. In this review, we introduce interspersed repeats and imprinted genes, focus on the molecular mechanism of DNA methylation erasure and reestablishment, and summarize new findings about the regulation of DNA methylation of interspersed repeats and imprinted genes in mammalian germ line cells.